The Rohingya, a people tragically stripped of their homeland and identity, continue to endure profound suffering not only within Myanmar and its immediate neighbor Bangladesh but across a global diaspora. This report casts a spotlight on their harrowing experiences—the daily struggles, sorrows, and systemic oppression—in countries like India, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia, over the crucial period of March to June 2025. Their plight, often overshadowed by the immediate crisis in their ancestral Rakhine State, reveals a pervasive pattern of human rights abuses and a desperate search for dignity that remains elusive.
At the heart of the Rohingya’s enduring ordeal lies the fundamental issue of statelessness. This lack of legal recognition renders them profoundly vulnerable, denying them basic rights and leaving them at the mercy of often unwelcoming host nations. This absence of legal standing transforms nearly every aspect of their lives—from seeking safety to accessing education or healthcare—into an arduous battle for survival. The suffering they endure is not merely physical; it is deeply psychological, marked by constant fear and an overwhelming sense of uncertainty.
India: A Sanctuary Betrayed by Deportations and Legal Limbo
In recent months, India, a nation historically known for offering refuge, has reportedly engaged in deeply alarming actions against Rohingya asylum-seekers. These actions have intensified the struggles of a community already living in precarious conditions.
Escalating Pushbacks and Perilous Returns (March-June 2025)
A series of distressing incidents unfolded in May 2025, casting a dark shadow over the safety of the Rohingya in India. Credible reports indicate that Indian authorities forced approximately 40 Rohingya refugees, including children and older individuals, off an Indian naval ship and into the treacherous Andaman Sea. These individuals were reportedly given only life jackets and left with no choice but to attempt to swim to an island within Myanmar’s territory. Their current whereabouts and condition remain unknown, raising profound concerns for their survival and safety.
Just days after this maritime incident, over 100 Rohingya refugees who had been detained at the Matia Transit Detention Centre in Assam were reportedly transported by bus and forcibly pushed across the eastern border into Bangladesh. These forced transfers allegedly occurred without any formal legal process or asylum review, denying individuals their fundamental right to due process.
These actions prompted an immediate and strong reaction from the international community. In May 2025, UN Special Rapporteur Tom Andrews launched an inquiry into these events, condemning them as “unconscionable, unacceptable acts” and a “serious violation of the principle of non-refoulement”. The principle of non-refoulement is a fundamental tenet of international law that prohibits states from returning individuals to a territory where they face threats to their lives or freedom.
The Legal Quagmire and Constant Fear
Despite many Rohingya holding refugee identification documents issued by the UNHCR, they consistently report living in “constant fear of being deported” and being treated “like criminals” by the Indian government. This fear is not abstract; it is a palpable reality, as many have witnessed relatives and friends being taken “without warning, without explanation, and deported to Myanmar”. The question posed by one Rohingya refugee, “How can the Indian government send us back to a place where death is almost certain?” encapsulates the terror that defines their existence.
India’s legal framework contributes significantly to this precarious situation. The Supreme Court of India has ruled that only Indian citizens possess the constitutional right to reside in the country, thereby placing Rohingya under the purview of the Foreigners Act, which allows for forced deportations. While India is not a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention, human rights organizations, including Amnesty International, consistently emphasize its binding obligation under customary international law and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) to uphold the principle of non-refoulement.
A petition filed by two Rohingya refugees on May 17, 2025, urging the Supreme Court to intervene and halt further deportations was unfortunately dismissed. The judge reportedly questioned the credibility of the “beautifully crafted story” and criticized its timing during the India-Pakistan conflict. This judicial response highlights how broader geopolitical considerations and nationalistic narratives can overshadow humanitarian pleas, effectively overriding international legal norms and humanitarian principles. This dynamic creates a systemic vulnerability where the human rights of the Rohingya are not merely overlooked but are actively undermined under the guise of national security, using external tensions to justify internal repression.
Border Tightening and Restricted Movement
Further compounding their challenges, India has reinforced security measures along its northeastern border since the beginning of 2025. This includes the suspension of the free-movement regime in December 2024 and the introduction of a border pass system in Manipur and Mizoram, requiring residents within 10 km of the India-Myanmar border to obtain passes for stays of up to seven days. These measures, ostensibly implemented for security concerns related to transnational crimes, indirectly restrict the movement of Rohingya seeking refuge and further complicate their access to safety and legal pathways.
The reported incidents of Rohingya being forced into the Andaman Sea or pushed across the border, coupled with the constant fear of being taken without warning, signify a deliberate policy aimed at making Rohingya disappear from legal and public accountability. This absence of information regarding their fate inflicts profound psychological trauma, creating a pervasive sense of insecurity. This “invisibility” serves to deter others from seeking refuge and to erase the presence of a vulnerable population, making their plight harder to track and address by international bodies.
Table: Documented Forced Deportations/Pushbacks from India (March-June 2025)
| Date (Approx.) | Location/Method of Deportation | Approximate Number of Individuals | Reported Outcome/Status |
| May 2025 | Andaman Sea (Indian Naval Ship) | 40 (incl. children, elderly) | Forced into sea, swam to Myanmar island; whereabouts unknown 4 |
| May 2025 | Assam-Bangladesh Border (Bus) | 100+ | Forced across border into Bangladesh; whereabouts unknown 5 |
Malaysia: A Web of Detention, Abuse, and Denied Rights
Malaysia hosts a significant Rohingya population, estimated at 150,000 in October 2017 and 210,000 in 2024. However, their lives in Malaysia are far from secure, marked by intensified crackdowns and systemic denial of basic human rights.
Surge in Arbitrary Arrests and Inhumane Detention Conditions (March-June 2025)
Malaysian authorities have intensified immigration raids in recent months, leading to a “dramatic surge” in arbitrary arrests and detention of refugees. Data disclosed by the Ministry of Home Affairs reveals that between January and May 13, 2025, immigration authorities arrested 34,287 individuals for immigration-related offenses, averaging approximately 7,800 arrests per month. This represents a more than threefold increase compared to the average monthly arrests in 2023, signaling a severe crackdown on undocumented migrants and refugees. This aggressive enforcement was further underscored by a Home Minister’s warning on May 17, 2025, to “redouble enforcement operations” against “illegal migrants.”
Testimonies from Rohingya refugees who have been detained paint a grim picture of widespread torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment in Immigration Detention Centers (IDCs). “Saiful,” a 58-year-old Rohingya refugee registered with UNHCR, detained in Semenyih IDC in early 2025, reported that immigration officers tortured detainees as a form of punishment, forcing them into stress positions and stripping them naked. Another Rohingya refugee, “Amar,” 25, described verbal abuses during strip searches and recounted being beaten with black pipes on the soles of their feet for talking or asking for more water. He also witnessed an officer smashing a phone on a detainee’s forehead until the screen broke, causing visible pain and tears.
Once in detention, contact with the outside world, including family, legal representatives, and UNHCR, is “extremely limited”. Detainees often manage to call friends or family only after paying hefty bribes, further isolating them and obscuring the abuses they face.
This situation presents a concerning paradox: while the Malaysian government has “mostly been willing to look the other way” for UNHCR-registered refugees in the past, implying a tacit acceptance of their presence, the recent “dramatic surge” in arrests and explicit warnings to intensify enforcement operations suggest a tension between maintaining humanitarian optics and responding to domestic political pressures or a desire for tighter control over undocumented populations. This creates an environment of extreme uncertainty for Rohingya, who are caught between periods of relative tolerance and sudden, brutal crackdowns, making long-term planning or integration impossible.
Barriers to Essential Services and a Climate of Fear
Refugees in Malaysia face significant, systemic barriers to accessing fundamental services. They are not granted the legal right to work, forcing them into informal, low-paying, and often hazardous jobs. In these precarious positions, they are highly vulnerable to exploitation and abuse, with no legal recourse or protection from employers who can refuse to pay them or threaten them with authorities. This systematic denial of legal work and education forces Rohingya into an exploitative “shadow economy,” which is not merely an economic challenge but a deliberate mechanism that perpetuates their marginalization, preventing self-reliance and dignity.
Rohingya children are excluded from the national school system, relying instead on under-resourced, community-based learning centers that struggle with limited resources and untrained teachers. A young refugee mother poignantly expressed her daily worry about her children’s future due to this profound lack of educational access. For these children, exclusion from national education systems and reliance on inadequate community centers directly contributes to the risk of a “lost generation,” denying them future opportunities and making them highly susceptible to trafficking and other forms of exploitation. The documented torture in IDCs serves not just as punishment but as a tool of intimidation to maintain this exploitable, fearful underclass.
While technically allowed public healthcare at foreigner rates, the cost remains prohibitive for most Rohingya, making NGOs the primary source of medical aid. Critical services like emergency care, maternal health, and mental health support are severely lacking, further compromising their well-being.
The constant threat of detention and deportation cultivates a pervasive “climate of fear” throughout the Rohingya community. This fear leads refugees to avoid public spaces, hesitate to report crimes, and effectively live outside the protection of the law, creating a life defined by uncertainty, marginalization, and a constant struggle for survival.
Table: Human Rights Violations and Access Barriers in Malaysia (March-June 2025)
| Type of Violation/Barrier | Specific Incidents/Statistics (March-June 2025) | Impact on Rohingya Community/Individuals |
| Arbitrary Arrests | 34,287 arrests for immigration offenses (Jan-May 2025), avg. 7,800/month, 3x increase from 2023 | Pervasive climate of fear, constant threat of detention, increased vulnerability |
| Torture in Detention | Testimonies of forced stress positions, stripping, physical beatings, phone smashing on forehead in IDCs | Severe physical and psychological trauma, humiliation, isolation |
| No Legal Work | Refugees lack legal right to work, rely on informal, low-paying, hazardous jobs | Exploitation, abuse, lack of legal recourse, perpetuates poverty |
| Education Exclusion | Children excluded from national schools, rely on under-resourced community centers | Denied future opportunities, risk of “lost generation,” daily worry for parents |
| Healthcare Barriers | Prohibitive costs for public healthcare, reliance on NGOs, lack of emergency/maternal/mental health | Untreated illnesses, increased suffering, strain on humanitarian organizations |
Thailand: Children at the Crossroads of Disappearance and Deportation
Thailand, a transit country for many Rohingya fleeing persecution, has also presented significant challenges, particularly for its most vulnerable population: children.
Vulnerable Children and the Threat of Trafficking (March-June 2025)
A deeply disturbing incident occurred on March 21, 2025, with the disappearance of six Rohingya refugee children from a government-run shelter in Chiang Mai. This incident immediately raised “serious concerns about their safety, including the risk of human trafficking,” highlighting the extreme vulnerability of unaccompanied or separated children. These children had initially been transported to Thailand from Rakhine State by human smugglers who promised onward travel to Malaysia but then demanded additional money upon arrival, illustrating the pervasive exploitative networks that prey on desperate Rohingya.
Legal Vulnerability and Forced Returns
Alarmingly, on March 5, 2025, the Chiang Mai Juvenile and Family Court found these Rohingya children guilty of “illegal entry” under the 1979 Immigration Act and ordered their deportation back to Myanmar. Human rights organization Fortify Rights immediately urged Thai authorities to halt these forced returns, sending letters on March 6 and March 11, 2025, to relevant officials and parliamentary committees.
Despite Thailand having launched a National Screening Mechanism (NSM) in September 2023 to offer limited protections to refugees, vulnerable groups like the Rohingya can be “arbitrarily excluded” on broad “national security” grounds. This loophole undermines the very purpose of the mechanism for those most in need.
Thailand is a party to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and has specifically withdrawn its reservation to Article 22, which guarantees “appropriate protection” for child refugees. However, by failing to provide legal status and protection, the Thai government is exposing these children to exploitation, abuse, and disappearance, acting contrary to its international obligations. This highlights a critical and dangerous disjuncture between Thailand’s stated international human rights commitments and the practical implementation of its domestic policies, particularly when dealing with a marginalized and stateless group like the Rohingya, where “national security” can be broadly invoked to bypass established protections.
The tragic case of the disappeared children illustrates a devastating confluence of vulnerabilities: their statelessness denies them any legal standing or protection, their status as unaccompanied children makes them prime targets for exploitative human smugglers, and the lack of robust state protection mechanisms leaves them acutely susceptible to human trafficking. The judicial order for their deportation back to Myanmar, a place of extreme danger, further compounds this, transforming the very system meant to provide safety into an instrument of additional harm. This is not merely an isolated incident but a systemic failure to safeguard the most vulnerable, demonstrating how multiple forms of oppression intersect to create a uniquely perilous situation for Rohingya children.
Indonesia: Perilous Journeys and Unwelcoming Shores
Indonesia has seen a continued influx of Rohingya arriving by sea, though their reception has become increasingly challenging.
Dangers at Sea and Resistance Upon Arrival (March-June 2025 context)
Rohingya continue to undertake perilous sea journeys, often from Bangladesh or Myanmar, seeking protection, family reunification, and access to livelihoods and education. Over 1,000 individuals perished or went missing at sea in 2023 and 2024, including a boat bound for Indonesia carrying approximately 200 refugees that is believed to have sunk in November 2023. While the majority of boat movements typically occur between November and March when sea conditions are most favorable, the dangers persist for those arriving during this period, including risks of gender-based violence, physical abuse, malnutrition, exploitation, and extortion at sea.
Upon reaching Indonesian shores, particularly in Aceh and North Sumatra, Rohingya boat arrivals have faced “unprecedented resistance” from local communities. This includes being actively prevented from disembarking, being forced back onto boats and returned to sea, and facing protests and mob attacks.13 This “unprecedented resistance” from local communities, including pushbacks and mob attacks, signifies a significant shift from initial sympathy to growing resentment. This is largely driven by the perceived strain on local resources, which is exacerbated by the lack of official, consolidated hosting sites and insufficient international funding. The burden of care falls disproportionately on local communities in the absence of robust state-led mechanisms and international support, leading to increased tensions and further marginalization of the refugees.
Inadequate Shelter and Underfunded Humanitarian Response
Hundreds of Rohingya who managed to disembark remain in “perilous, overcrowded, and sub-standard temporary sites”. Alarmingly, only two out of several existing sites have been officially designated as refugee hosting sites by Indonesian authorities, leading to a severe lack of proper shelter that compromises protection and assistance efforts.
The humanitarian response in Indonesia is severely underfunded. UNHCR anticipates needing $2.2 million for 2025 to address the needs of current and anticipated new arrivals, but “only a fraction of needed funding has been received”. This critical funding shortfall directly impacts the provision of life-saving assistance and the ability to provide adequate support. The narrative for Rohingya arriving in Indonesia is one of a relentless cycle of peril. They undertake dangerous sea journeys, often due to a lack of safe alternatives, facing severe abuses. Upon arrival, they are met with resistance and inadequate shelter, and humanitarian aid is critically underfunded. This creates a situation where the very act of seeking safety leads to further suffering, as both the journey and the arrival are fraught with danger and neglect. This cycle is perpetuated by the lack of comprehensive, well-resourced solutions, pushing them back into the hands of smugglers and dangerous routes, underscoring a systemic failure of protection.
Pakistan: A Shadow of Uncertainty Amidst Broader Deportation Policies
Pakistan hosts a substantial Rohingya population, estimated at 500,000 in September 2017 and 400,000 in 2024. While specific incidents involving Rohingya in Pakistan for March-June 2025 are not detailed in the provided information, the broader context of Pakistan’s intensified deportation policies for Afghan refugees casts a long, ominous shadow over all asylum-seekers, including the Rohingya.
Precarious Legal Status and Fear of Deportation (March-June 2025 context)
Pakistan has implemented an “Illegal Foreigners’ Repatriation Plan,” setting deadlines for undocumented foreigners and even Afghan Citizen Card (ACC) holders to leave the country voluntarily. Afghan refugees holding Proof of Registration (PoR) cards, recognized by UNHCR, were allowed to stay only until June 30, 2025. The establishment of 49 detention centers across Pakistan to hold Afghan nationals before deportation indicates a systemic and large-scale approach to forced returns that would likely extend to Rohingya, who also lack formal legal recognition and secure status in Pakistan.
The pervasive fear among Afghan refugees that “legal papers now offer no protection from deportation” and that “they’re useless” reflects a deep-seated insecurity that Rohingya, facing similar statelessness and precariousness, would undoubtedly share. Although the information primarily details Pakistan’s policies affecting Afghan refugees, the national scope of these aggressive deportation measures, including the invalidation of legal documents and the establishment of numerous detention centers, creates a precedent and a pervasive climate of fear. This climate inevitably impacts all refugee communities within Pakistan’s borders, including the Rohingya, who share similar vulnerabilities due to their lack of formal legal status. This demonstrates how national immigration policies, even if not explicitly targeting one specific group, can have a broad “domino effect” on the human rights, legal standing, and psychological well-being of all vulnerable populations seeking refuge.
Impact on Mental Health
The instability and constant threat caused by stricter deportation policies have triggered a documented increase in mental health problems, particularly among women, with some reportedly rendered mute by extreme stress. This profound human cost, though specifically noted for Afghans, is a stark and universal reality for any refugee community facing similar threats of forced displacement and legal uncertainty. The absence of specific March-June 2025 incidents reported for Rohingya in Pakistan, in contrast to the detailed accounts for India, Malaysia, and Indonesia, does not imply an absence of suffering. Instead, it might suggest a quieter, less visible form of struggle. This “silent struggle” could be attributed to a combination of factors: lower media attention, more effective suppression of information by authorities, or a deeply ingrained fear within the Rohingya community that prevents them from reporting abuses. The documented mental health impact among other refugee groups in Pakistan points to a profound, internal despair that exists even without overt, widely reported abuses, making the Rohingya’s struggle harder to quantify but no less real or urgent.
Other Nations: A Silent Struggle (Saudi Arabia)
While Rohingya populations exist in countries like Saudi Arabia, with estimates ranging from 190,000 in January 2017 to 340,000 in 2024, the provided information for March-June 2025 offers no specific details on their struggles, challenges, or human rights issues within this timeframe. This absence of recent, specific information does not imply the absence of suffering but rather a lack of documented public reports within the given materials. Their situation likely remains precarious, marked by statelessness and limited rights, as is common for Rohingya in non-signatory states, but without specific data for this period, detailed reporting is not possible.
Overarching Challenges: A Cycle of Vulnerability and Global Neglect
The experiences of Rohingya across India, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia, and the broader context in Pakistan, reveal a disturbing and consistent pattern of challenges that transcend national borders.
The Pervasive Impact of Statelessness
Across all host countries, the fundamental lack of legal identity and citizenship remains the root cause of Rohingya vulnerability. This statelessness denies them basic human rights, including freedom of movement, legal employment, and access to formal education and healthcare, perpetuating a cycle of marginalization and dependency.
Constant Threat of Arbitrary Detention and Refoulement
The fear of arrest, indefinite detention, and forced return to Myanmar or Bangladesh is a daily, pervasive reality for Rohingya, undermining any sense of security or stability. Despite international legal principles like non-refoulement, host states frequently disregard these obligations, often citing domestic laws or national security as justifications.
Systemic Denial of Basic Rights and Exploitation
Whether through formal exclusion from national systems or prohibitive costs, Rohingya are systematically denied equitable access to essential services. This forces them into informal economies, exposes them to severe exploitation, and creates a “lost generation” of children deprived of education and a future.
Psychological Toll of Perpetual Uncertainty
The constant threat of deportation, the experience of abuse in detention, and the daily struggle for survival inflict severe and lasting mental health consequences, contributing to deep despair and a shattered sense of life.
Dwindling International Aid and Competing Crises
Humanitarian assistance, a critical lifeline for many Rohingya, is facing significant cuts and underfunding, further exacerbating their already precarious situation. This reduction in support is a critical factor, pushing vulnerable populations towards desperate measures, including dangerous sea journeys. This situation creates a “humanitarian paradox” where the populations most in need, due to their profound statelessness and ongoing persecution, are receiving less support. This neglect not only directly worsens their immediate living conditions but also indirectly incentivizes desperate and dangerous measures, such as perilous sea journeys, and places an unsustainable burden on host nations, potentially leading to increased pushbacks and xenophobia. The world’s attention appears to be shifting, leaving the Rohingya in an increasingly vulnerable position.
When viewed collectively, the struggles across India, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia reveal a disturbing pattern of containment and marginalization. Rohingya are systematically confined to informal settlements, detention centers, or marginalized to the fringes of society. They are denied legal status, formal work, and access to mainstream education and healthcare. This is not merely a collection of individual country policies but a de facto global approach of containment and non-integration. This effectively creates an international underclass of stateless people with severely restricted rights and opportunities, perpetuating their vulnerability and making any long-term, dignified solution incredibly difficult. Their existence is acknowledged, but their rights are largely denied, trapping them in a perpetual state of limbo.
Call for Action: Upholding Human Dignity and Shared Responsibility
The ongoing struggles of the Rohingya people beyond the borders of Myanmar and Bangladesh demand immediate and concerted international action. Their human dignity, repeatedly violated, must be upheld through a shared commitment to protection and justice.
Immediate Protection and End to Refoulement: Host countries must immediately cease all unlawful deportations, pushbacks, and arbitrary detentions of Rohingya refugees. They must adhere to the fundamental principle of non-refoulement under international law, ensuring no individual is returned to a place where their life or freedom is at risk.
Ensure Humane Treatment in Detention: Authorities in countries like Malaysia must immediately end torture and degrading treatment in immigration detention centers. Transparent access for human rights monitors, legal representatives, and UNHCR must be ensured to safeguard detainees’ rights.
Legal Recognition and Access to Basic Rights: Governments should work towards formal recognition of Rohingya as refugees, providing them with legal status, the right to work, and equitable access to national education and healthcare systems.10 Ratification of the 1951 Refugee Convention by non-signatory states like India and Malaysia would be a crucial step towards comprehensive protection.
Strengthen Child Protection Mechanisms: Urgent and robust measures are needed to protect vulnerable Rohingya children from trafficking, exploitation, and forced returns. This includes ensuring their safety in shelters, providing legal status, and guaranteeing access to education and child-specific protection services.
Increased and Sustained Humanitarian Funding: The international community must significantly increase and sustain funding for humanitarian assistance to Rohingya refugees in all host countries. Recognizing the devastating impact of aid cuts, sustained support is vital to prevent further suffering and desperate measures.
Accountability and Justice: Perpetrators of human rights abuses against Rohingya, whether in Myanmar or host countries, must be held accountable through independent and transparent investigations to ensure justice and deter future violations.
Comprehensive Durable Solutions: Ultimately, international efforts must focus on addressing the root causes of displacement in Myanmar and working towards safe, voluntary, and dignified returns, underpinned by the restoration of citizenship and full rights for the Rohingya.20 This requires sustained diplomatic pressure, coordinated international action, and the central inclusion of Rohingya voices in all discussions about their future.
References
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